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John Steiner is a psychoanalyst, author and trainer at the British Psychoanalytical Society. Steiner, a 'prolific London post-Kleinian', is best known for his conceptions of the "pathological organisation" or the "psychic retreat"...between the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions'.〔James S. Grotstein, ''But at the Same Time and on Another Level'' (London 2009) p. 50〕 His book ''Psychic Retreats'' describes a treatment methodology for patients with complex defence mechanisms that are difficult to treat with conventional psychoanalysis. ==The paranoid-schizoid position== John Steiner separates this into two poles: # Pathological fragmentation is regarded as the most archaic. This is where splitting has failed to contain anxiety,and the ego breaks up in self-defense. The defensive operation of "fragmentation" brings with it a deathly sense of anguish, a sense of chaos that can result in impressive and spectacular clinical scenarios. # Normal splitting, which is primarily seen as a progressive process. The distinction between good and bad already implies a degree of solid integration that allows a good relationship with a good object. This distinction is based on a divide, protecting it from destructive impulses directed towards the bad object. There is alternation between idealization / persecution, and in favorable situations, access to ambivalence, and therefore to the depressive position. Steiner spoke in terms of 'fluctuations..between the two positions, paranoid-schizoid and depressive, involving 'periods of integration leading to depressive position functioning or disintegration and fragmentation resulting in a paranoid-schizoid state'.〔John Steiner, "The equilibrium between the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions" in Robin Anderson ed., ''Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion'' (London 1992) p. 48〕 He emphasised the appearance of 'a sense of wholeness both in the self and in object relations as the depressive position is approached'.〔Steiner, "The equilibrium" p. 46〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Steiner (psychoanalyst)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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